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Human impact as reflected in the pollen record, with a focus on the Middle Ages
MAREŠOVÁ, Petra
Pollen analysis is an integral part of past vegetation reconstructions based on fossil sedimentary records. This thesis introduces the topics of past vegetation development in the area of Central Europe affected by a combination of climatic events, natural plant dispersal processes, and human impact. A natural site of the former lake Komořany was investigated to address the early periods covering the Late Glacial and majority of the Holocene (~15.6-3.2 ka BP). Moreover, three distinct medieval village sites covering an altitudinal gradient of the Czech territory served for reconstruction of the increased human impact on landscape and vegetation, especially during the High Medieval Period. A multidisciplinary approach including pollen, plant macrofossil, diatom, and palaeozoological record in combination with archaeological finds was employed to track the origins and formation of the cultural landscape, focusing on the medieval transformation.
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Anthracological perspective on vegetation history in Roztoky u Prahy
Prach, Martin ; Novák, Jan (advisor) ; Beneš, Jaromír (referee)
This thesis researches forest history and human impact on it in prehistory and early Middle Ages by means of soil charcoal analysis, i.e. pedoanthracology. It focuses on a site called "Roztocký háj" with long-term human settlement near Roztoky u Prahy in central Bohemia. Pedoanthracology brings information about past woody vegetation that is very local and without much anthropogenic influence. On the other hand, archeoanthracology focuses on charcoal originating from archeological excavations directly from human settlements. These charcoals are therefore formed by human behaviour and provide general view on woody vegetation in wider surroundings of the site. Comparing results of these two approaches in Roztoky is allowed by long-term archeological excavations. They provided previously analyzed and partially published charcoal dataset. Newly obtained pedoanthracological dataset brings finer spatial scale, allows to find out the effect of local conditions on the charcoal spectra and also allows identification of possible purposefully selected taxa in the archeoanthracological assemblage. Another part of this work describes present-day vegetation around the soil profiles and examines it's possible continuity with the past vegetation. 4 soil profiles provided quite species-rich (17 taxa) charcoal...
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The importance of clearings on plant communities in Podyjí National Park
Pusztaiová, Zuzana ; Münzbergová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Macek, Martin (referee)
In this thesis I deal with various aspects of influence of clearings on plant communities in NP Podyjí. Special space is dedicated to light-demanding, threatened and alien plant species, and their response to light improvement. The area of the Podyjí NP has been used by people continuously for a very long time. There is therefore a whole range of plant species, linked to a certain anthropogenic disturbance regime. I observed the development of plant communities using phytocenological relevés on six pairs of clearings (isolated and connected with open habitats), created in 2011 and 2012. At the same time, I also investigated the adjacent closed-canopy forests and open forests on the edge of the canyon. During the first year after cutting, there was a significant increase in diversity and species cover in the clearings. In the following years, significant changes took place on isolated clearings, as the zone of closed-canopy forest delayed low colonization by new individuals in first years. In the clearings, diversity and abundance of plants were significantly higher than in the closed-canopy forest and open forest. The number of endangered plant species was the highest in open forest. Several unique species of endangered plants have been recorded on clearings. These species have not been found in...
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Changes in vegetation of Karpaty since glacial maximum - identificaition of main trends accesibility of data and gap in knowledge
Beranová, Jana ; Kuneš, Petr (advisor) ; Jamrichová, Eva (referee)
The Carpathian Mountains are great range in Europe. This rewiew is target to identify main evolution trends of vegetation i Carptahian Mountatins. I studied materials whitch was concetrate to pollen analysis and malacological finds. Based on this materials I found that in the stadial dryas periods there were climatic conditions for small forrest islands mainly formed from genus Pinus and Larix. In the interstadial periods the different climatic conditions permit forrest propagation and became denser. Transitions from pleistocen to holocen was nearly similar to the situation in interstadial period. But later in the holocene the density of the forest is growing more and dominant of late glacial forest was replaced mainly by the spurce. Population of plants that survive the glacial in the Carpathian mountain growing as same as and new species that survived glacial in warmer localities. In the subatlantic and especially in the few last decade the human efect is important and can be found in the pollen analysis. On the research of plant evolution in Carpathian mountain is necessary to continue, mainly on identification and analysis new localities. This large area is unequaly covered by localities.
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Changes in vegetation of Karpaty since glacial maximum - identificaition of main trends accesibility of data and gap in knowledge
Beranová, Jana ; Kuneš, Petr (advisor) ; Jamrichová, Eva (referee)
The Carpathian Mountains are great range in Europe. This rewiew is target to identify main evolution trends of vegetation i Carpathian Mountaitns. I studied materials whitch was concetrate to pollen analysis and malacological finds. Based on this materials I found that in the stadial dryas periods there were climatic conditions for small forrest islands mainly formed from genus Pinus and Larix. In the interstadial periods the different climatic conditions permit forrest propagation and became denser. Transitions from pleistocen to holocen was nearly similar to the situation in interstadial period. But later in the holocene the density of the forest is growing more and dominant of late glacial forest was replaced mainly by the spurce. Population of plants that survive the glacial in the Carpathian mountain growing as same as and new species that survived glacial in warmer localities. In the subatlantic and especially in the few last decade the human efect is important and can be found in the pollen analysis. On the research of plant evolution in Carpathian mountain is necessary to continue, mainly on identification and analysis new localities. This large and geographically complicated need informations from new localities.
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